Harvard Medical School Division on Addictions - Howard Shaffer, Ph.D., C.A.S.

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Howard J. Shaffer, Ph.D., C.A.S.
Director, Division on Addictions
Associate Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry,
The Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School

Biographical Sketch

Currently, Dr. Shaffer is an Associate Professor at Harvard Medical School; in addition, he is the Director of the Division on Addictions at The Cambridge Health Alliance, a Harvard Medical School teaching affiliate. During recent years, he has served as principal or co-principal investigator on a variety of government or foundation sponsored research projects: (1) Addiction Training Center of New England; (2) The Harvard Project on Gambling and Health (3) Estimating the Prevalence of Disordered Gambling in the United States and Canada; and recently completed projects on (4) A Science Education and Drug Abuse Partnership project, "Advancing Science Through Substance Abuse Education"; and (5) a randomized clinical trial comparing Hatha yoga with psychodynamic treatment as an adjunct to methadone therapy for narcotic dependence. Currently, he focuses his efforts on the research and educational activities associated with the Institute for Research on Pathological Gambling and Related Disorders and his ongoing federally funded research on the psychiatric co-morbidity among multiple DUI offenders.

In addition to an active private practice, Dr. Shaffer consults internationally to a variety of organizations in business, education, human services, and government. Dr. Shaffer is licensed as a clinical psychologist in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; the National Register of Health Care Providers in Psychology also certifies him.

Dr. Shaffer is founding director of the Norman E. Zinberg Center for Addiction Studies at Harvard Medical School and the Department of Psychiatry at the Cambridge Hospital. Dr. Shaffer also is the founder of the American Academy of Health Care Providers in the Addictive Disorders. The Academy represents the first international credentialing body for clinicians working in the addictive disorders.

Dr. Shaffer served on the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Committee on the Social and Economic Impacts of Pathological Gambling. His professional appointments also have included consultation to the National Institutes of Health, The National Cancer Institute, The National Council on Marijuana and Health, The Icelandic Ministry of Health and Social Security, The Massachusetts Council on Compulsive Gambling, and The Massachusetts Departments of Mental and Public Health. For five years, Dr. Shaffer served as chair of the education committee for The Cambridge Hospital department of Psychiatry. For two years, he served as a senior scientist at the National Technical Center for Substance Abuse Needs Assessment. Dr. Shaffer also served as the chief psychologist at the North Charles Institute for the Addictions for 13 years. He served as the Director of Drug Problems Resource Center at The Cambridge Hospital; he was Director of the Special Consultation and Treatment Program for Women at the Judge Gould Institute of Human Resources.

Dr. Shaffer is the current editor of the The Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, and is the past editor of The Journal of Gambling Studies and past associate editor of The Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. Dr. Shaffer also is a member of the editorial boards for the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse, and The Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity. Dr. Shaffer has served as an ad hoc reviewer for many journals including the New England Journal of Medicine and the Archives of General Psychiatry.

Dr. Shaffer's major research interests include, the social perception of addiction and disease, the philosophy of science, impulse control regulation and compulsive behaviors, adolescent gambling, addiction treatment outcome, and the natural history of addictive behaviors. Dr. Shaffer has written extensively about the treatment of addictive behaviors and the nature of addiction, including more than 200 chapters, journal articles, and reviews. He also has published more than 120 newspaper articles, and 6 books. His most recent books include Quitting Cocaine: The Struggle Against Impulse with Dr. Stephanie Jones, Compulsive Gambling: Theory, Research & Practice, edited with Dr. Blase Gambino, Sharon Stein, and Thomas Cummings, and Peers Helping Peers: A Handbook for Secondary School Peer Counselor/Educators. His newest book, Youth, Gambling, and Society: Futures at Stake was released during 2003. His research, writing, and teaching have shaped how the health care field conceptualizes and treats the full range of addictive behaviors.

In his spare time, Dr. Shaffer enjoys photography (click here to view).

Selected Publications

In Press

Boudreau, A., LaBrie, R., & Shaffer, H. J. (In Press). Towards DSM-V: "Shadow Syndrome" symptom patterns among pathological gamblers. Addiction Research & Theory.
Gebauer, L., LaBrie, R. A., and Shaffer, H. J. (In Press). A brief bio-social screen for detecting current gambling disorders among gamblers in the general household population. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.
Nelson, S. E., LaPlante, D. A., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (In Press). Gambling problem symptom patterns and stability across individual and timeframe. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.
Shaffer, H. J., Peller, A., J., LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., & LaBrie, R. A. (In Press). Toward a paradigm shift in Internet gambling research: From opinion and self-report to actual behavior. Addiction Research & Theory.

2009

Laplante, D. A., Kleschinsky, J. H., LaBrie, R. A., Nelson, S. E., & Shaffer, H. J. (2009). Sitting at the virtual poker table: A prospective epidemiological study of actual Internet poker gambling behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(3), 711-717.

2008

Broda, A., LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., LaBrie, R. A., Bosworth, L. B., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). Virtual harm reduction efforts for Internet gambling: Effects of deposit limits on actual Internet sports gambling behavior. Harm Reduction Journal [electronic resource], 5(1), 27.
Blaszczynski, A., Ladouceur, R., Nower, L., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). Informed choice and gambling: Principles for consumer protection. Journal of Gambling Business and Economics, 2(1), 103-118.
Kessler, R. C., Irving, H., LaBrie, R. A., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Winters, K. C., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1351-1360.
LaBrie, R. A., Kaplan, S. A., LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). Inside the virtual casino: A prospective longitudinal study of actual Internet casino gambling. European Journal of Public Health, 18(4), 410-416.
LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). Stability and progression of disordered gambling: Lessons from longitudinal studies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(1), 52-60.
LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., Odegaard, S. S., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). Substance and psychiatric disorders among men and women repeat driving under the influence: Offenders who accept a treatment-sentencing option. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(2), 209-217.
LaPlante, D. A., Schumann, A., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). Population trends in Internet Sports Gambling. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 2399-2414.
Lee, T. K., LaBrie, R. A., Grant, J. E., Kim, S. W., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). The structure of pathological gambling among Korean gamblers: A cluster and factor analysis of clinical and demographic characteristics. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 6, 551-563.
Lee, T. K., LaBrie, R. A., Rhee, H. S., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). A study of South Korean casino employees and gambling problems. Occupational Medicine, 58, 191-197.
Nelson, S. E., Maurice, I. R., Shaffer, H. J. (2008). St. Francis House Moving Ahead Program (MAP): Phase II report. Boston, MA: Division on Addictions, Cambridge Health Alliance, a teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School.
Nelson, S. E., LaPlante, D. A., Peller, A. J., Schumann, A., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). Real limits in the virtual world: Self-limiting behavior of Internet gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24(4), 463-477.
Peller, A. J., LaPlante, D. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008). Parameters for safer gambling behavior: Examining the empirical research. Journal of Gambling Studies, 16.
Shaffer, H. J. (Ed.). (2008). Overcoming Addiction: Paths Toward Recovery. Boston: Harvard Health Publications.
Xuan, Z., & Shaffer, H. J. (2008 Online First). How do gamblers end gambling: Longitudinal analysis of Internet gambling behaviors prior to account closure due to gambling related problems. Journal of Gambling Studies.

2007

LaBrie, R. A., Browne, C., Christensen, D. E., Greenwood, K. L., Straus, J. H., Garmon, M. S., et al. (2007). Implementation of a consumer-directed approach in behavioral health care: Problems and prospects. Psychiatric Services, 58(3), 300-302.
LaBrie, R. A., Kidman, R. C., Albanese, M., Peller, A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2007). Criminality and continued DUI offense: Criminal typologies and recidivism among repeat offenders. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 25(4), 603-614.
LaBrie, R. A., LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., Schumann, A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2007). Assessing the playing field: A prospective longitudinal study of Internet sports gambling behavior. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(3), 347-362.
LaBrie, R. A., LaPlante, D. A., Peller, A., Shaffer, H. J., Bernhard, B., Harper, et al. (2007). An assessment of brief problem gambling intervention in Nevada: final report. Medford: Division on Addictions. Document Number)
LaBrie, R. A., LaPlante, D. A., Peller, A. J., Christensen, D. E., Greenwood, K. L., Straus, J. H., et al. (2007). The interdependence of behavioral and somatic health: Implications for conceptualizing health, planning treatment, and measuring outcomes. International Journal of Integrated Care, 7, 1-11.
LaBrie, R. A., Nelson, S. E., LaPlante, D. A., Peller, A., Caro, G., & Shaffer, H. J. (2007). Missouri Casino self-excluders: Distributions across time and space. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(2), 231-243.
LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2007). Gambling with adolescent health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(5), 387-389.
LaPlante, D. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2007). Understanding the influence of gambling opportunities: Expanding exposure models to include adaptation. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 616-623.
Nelson, S. E., LaPlante, D. A., Peller, A., LaBrie, R. A., Caro, G., & Shaffer, H. J. (2007). Implementation of a computerized psychiatric assessment tool at a DUI treatment facility: A case example. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 34, 489-493.
Nelson, T., LaBrie, R. A., LaPlante, D. A., Stanton, M., Shaffer, H. J., & Wechsler, H. (2007). Sports betting and other gambling in athletes, fans, and other college students. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78(4), 271-283.
Shaffer, H. J. (2007). Colleges missing opportunity to educate and promote recovery for addictive behaviors. Increasing the Odds, 1(Youth and College Gambling), 14-16.
Shaffer, H. J. (2007). Considering the unimaginable: Challenges to accepting self-change or natural recovery from addiction (Foreword). In H. Klingemann & L. Carter-Sobell (Eds.), Promoting Self-Change from Addictive Behaviors: Practical Implications for Policy, Prevention, and Treatment (second ed., pp. ix-xiii). New York: Springer.
Shaffer, H. J. (2007). Responsible gaming: Whose responsibility is it? In In their own words (pp. 6-7). Washington, D.C.: National Center for Responsible Gaming.
Shaffer, H. J., Nelson, S. E., LaPlante, D. A., LaBrie, R. A., Albanese, M., & Caro, G. (2007). The epidemiology of psychiatric disorders among repeat DUI offenders accepting a treatment-sentencing option. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 75(5), 795-804.

2006

LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2006). Men & women playing games: Gender and the gambling preferences of Iowa Gambling Treatment Program participants. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22(1), 65-80.
Nelson, S. E., LaPlante, D. A., LaBrie, R. A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2006). The proxy effect: Gender and gambling problem trajectories of Iowa Gambling Treatment Program participants. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22(2), 221-240.
Shaffer, H. J., Stanton, M. V., & Nelson, S. E. (2006). Trends in gambling studies research: Quantifying, categorizing, and describing citations. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22(3), 427-442.

2004-2005

Blaszczynski, A., Ladouceur, R., Nower, L., & Shaffer, H. J. (2005). Informed choice and gambling: Principles for consumer protection (review). Melbourne, Australia: Australian Gaming Council.
Blaszczynski, A., Ladouceur, R., Nower, L., Shaffer, H.J. Informed choice and gambling: Principles for consumer protection. Australian Gaming Council, 2005.
Ladouceur, R., & Shaffer, H. J. (2005). Treating problem gamblers: Working towards empirically supported treatment. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21(1), 1-4.
Odegaard, S., Peller, A., & Shaffer, H. J. (2005). Addiction as Syndrome. Paradigm, 9(3), 12-13, 22.
Shaffer, H. J. (2005). From disabling to enabling the public interest: Natural transitions from gambling exposure to adaptation and self-regulation. Addiction, 100(9), 1227-1230; discussion 1235.
Shaffer, H. J., & LaPlante, D. (2005). The treatment of gambling related disorders. In G. A. Marlatt & D. M. Donovan (Eds.), Relapse Prevention (second ed.). New York: Guilford.
Shaffer, H. J., LaBrie, R. A., LaPlante, D. A., Kidman, R. C., & Donato, A. N. (2005). The Iowa gambling treatment program: Treatment outcomes for a follow-up sample. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21(1), 59-71.
Shaffer, H. J., & Freed, C. R. (2005). The assessment of gambling related disorders. In D. M. Donovan & G. A. Marlatt (Eds.), Assessment of Addictive Behaviors (second ed.). New York: Guilford.
Shaffer, H. J., Donato, A. N., LaBrie, R. A., Kidman, R. C., & LaPlante, D. A. (2005). The epidemiology of college alcohol and gambling policies. Journal of Harm Reduction, 2(1), 1.
Shaffer, H. J. (2005). From disabling to enabling the public interest: Natural transitions from gambling exposure to adaptation and self-regulation. Addiction, 100(9), 1227-1230; discussion 1235.
Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., LaBrie, R. A., Kidman, R. C., Donato, A. N., & Stanton, M. V. (2004). Toward a syndrome model of addiction: Multiple expressions, common etiology. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(6), 367-374.
Shaffer, H. J., LaBrie, R. A., LaPlante, D. A., Nelson, S. E., & Stanton, M. V. (2004). The road less traveled: Moving from distribution to determinants in the study of gambling epidemiology. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(8), 504-516.
Shaffer, H. J., LaBrie, R. A., Caro, G., LaPlante, D. A., & Nelson, S. E. (2004). Disordered gambling in Missouri: Regional differences in the need for treatment. Boston: Division on Addictions, Harvard Medical School.
Shaffer, H. J., LaBrie, R., & LaPlante, D. (2004). Laying the foundation for quantifying regional exposure to social phenomena: Considering the case of legalized gambling as a public health toxin. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(1), 40-48.
Shaffer, H. J., & Kidman, R. (2004). Gambling and the public health. In J. E. Grant & M. N. Potenza (Eds.), Pathological gambling: a clinical guide to treatment (pp. 3-23). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Shaffer, H. J., & Albanese, M. (2004). Addiction's defining characteristics. In R. H. Coombs (Ed.), Addiction Counseling Review: Preparing for Comprehensive, Certification and Licensing Exams (pp. 3-31): Lahaska Press.
Shaffer, H. J. (2004). Foreword. In J. L. Derevensky & R. Gupta (Eds.), Gambling problems in youth: Theoretical and applied perspectives (pp. v-x). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Vander Bilt, J., Dodge, H., Pandav, R., Shaffer, H. J., & Ganguli, M. (2004). Gambling participation and social support among older adults: A longitudinal community study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20(4), 373-390.

2000-2003

Albanese, M. J., & Shaffer, H. J. (2003). Treatment considerations in patients with addictions. Primary Psychiatry, 10(9), 55-60.
LaBrie, R. A., Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., & Wechsler, H. (2003). Correlates of college student gambling in the United States. Journal of American College Health, 52(2), 53-62.
Shaffer, H. J. (2003). A critical view of pathological gambling and addiction: Comorbidity makes for syndromes and other strange bedfellows. In G. Reith (Ed.), Gambling: Who Wins? Who Loses? (pp. 175-190). New York: Prometheus Books.
Shaffer, H. J., Hall, M. N., Vander Bilt, J., & George, E. (Eds.). (2003). Youth, gambling & society: Futures at stake. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
Shaffer, H. J., & Kidman, R. (2003). Shifting perspectives on gambling and addiction. Journal of Gambling Studies, 19(1), 1-6.
Wynne, H. J., & Shaffer, H. J. (2003). The socio-economic impact of gambling: The Whistler Symposium. Journal of Gambling Studies, 19(2), 111-121.
Shaffer, H. J., & Eber, G. B. (2002). Temporal progression of cocaine dependence symptoms in the national comorbidity survey. Addiction, 97, 543-554.
Shaffer, H. J., & Korn, D. A. (2002). Gambling and related mental disorders: A public health analysis. In Annual Review of Public Health (Vol. 23, pp. 171-212). Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc.
Shaffer, H. J. (2002). Is computer addiction a unique psychiatric disorder? Psychiatric Times, XIX(4), 35-36.
Shaffer, H. J., & Hall, M. N. (2002). The natural history of gambling and drinking problems among casino employees. Journal of Social Psychology, 142(4), 405-424.
Shaffer, H. J., Freed, C. R., & Healea, D. (2002). Gambling disorders among homeless persons with substance use disorders seeking treatment at a community center. Psychiatric Services, 55(9), 1112-1117.
Shaffer, H. J., & Hall, M. N. (2001). Updating and refining meta-analytic prevalence estimates of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 92(3), 168-172.
Shaffer, H. J., Dickerson, M., Derevensky, J., Winters, K., George, E., Karlins, M., et al. (2001). Considering the ethics of public claims: An appeal for scientific maturity. Journal of Gambling Studies, 17(1), 1-4.
Shaffer, H. J., & Simoneau, G. (2001). Reducing resistance and denial by exercising ambivalence during the treatment of addiction. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 20(1), 99-105.
Eber, G., B., & Shaffer, H. J. (2000). Trends in bio-behavioral gambling studies research: Quantifying citations. Journal of Gambling Studies, 16(4), 461-467.
Hall, M. N., Amodeo, M., Shaffer, H. J., & Vander Bilt, J. (2000). Social workers employed in substance abuse treatment programs: A training needs assessment. Social Work, 45(2), 141-154.
Shaffer, H. J., Eber, G., Hall, M. N., & Vander Bilt, J. (2000). Smoking behavior among casino employees: Self-report validation using plasma cotinine. Addictive Behaviors, 25(5), 693-704.
Shaffer, H. J., Forman, D. P., Scanlan, K. M., & Smith, F. (2000). Awareness of gambling-related problems, policies and educational programs among high school and college administrators. Journal of Gambling Studies, 16(1), 93-101.
Shaffer, H. J. (2000). Addictive personality. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Psychology (first ed., Vol. 1). Washington, D.C. & New York: American Psychological Association & Oxford University Press.
Shaffer, H. J., Hall, M. N., & Vander Bilt, J. (2000). "Computer addiction": A critical consideration. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(2), 162-168.

1999 and earlier

Korn, D., & Shaffer, H. J. (1999). Gambling and the health of the public: Adopting a public health perspective. Journal of Gambling Studies, 15(4), 289-365.
Shaffer, H. J. (1999). On the nature and meaning of addiction. National Forum, 79(4), 10-14.
Shaffer, H. J. (1999). Strange bedfellows: A critical view of pathological gambling and addiction. Addiction, 94(10), 1445-1448.
Shaffer, H. J., Vander Bilt, J., & Hall, M. N. (1999). Gambling, drinking, smoking and other health risk activities among casino employees. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 36(3), 365-378.
Shaffer, H. J., Hall, M. N., & Vander Bilt, J. (1999). Estimating the prevalence of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada: A research synthesis. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1369-1376.
Shaffer, H. J. (1997). The most important unresolved issue in the addictions: Conceptual chaos. Substance Use & Misuse, 32(11), 1573-1580.
Shaffer, H. J. (1997). The psychology of stage change. In J. H. Lowinson & P. Ruiz & R. B. Millman & J. G. Langrod (Eds.), Substance abuse: a comprehensive textbook (Third ed., pp. 100-106). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Shaffer, H. J., LaSalvia, T. A., & Stein, J. P. (1997). Comparing Hatha yoga with dynamic group psychotherapy for enhancing methadone maintenance treatment: A randomized clinical trial. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 3(4), 57-66.
Shaffer, H. J., & Hall, M. N. (1996). Estimating the prevalence of adolescent gambling disorders: A quantitative synthesis and guide toward standard gambling nomenclature. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12(2), 193-214.
Shaffer, H. J. (1996). Understanding the means and objects of addiction: Technology, the Internet, and gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12(4), 461-469.
Shaffer, H. J., & Robbins, M. (1995). Psychotherapy for addictive behavior: A stage-change approach to meaning making. In A. M. Washton (Ed.), Psychotherapy and Substance Abuse: A Practitioner's Handbook (pp. 103-123). New York: Guilford.
Shaffer, H. J. (1994). Considering two models of excessive sexual behaviors: Addiction and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 1(1), 6-18.
Shaffer, H. J. (1994). Denial, ambivalence and countertransference hate. In J. D. Levin & R. Weiss (Eds.), Alcoholism: Dynamics and Treatment (pp. 421-437). Northdale, N.J.: Jason Aronson.
Shaffer, H. J., LaBrie, R., Scanlan, K. M., & Cummings, T. N. (1994). Pathological gambling among adolescents: Massachusetts gambling screen (MAGS). Journal of Gambling Studies, 10(4), 339-362.
Shaffer, H. J. (1992). The psychology of stage change: The transition from addiction to recovery. In J. H. Lowinson & P. Ruiz & R. B. Millman & J. G. Langrod (Eds.), Substance abuse: a comprehensive textbook (Second ed., pp. 100-105). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Shaffer, H. J. (1991). Toward an epistemology of "addictive disease". Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 9(3), 269-286.
Shaffer, H. J., & Robbins, M. (1991). Manufacturing multiple meanings of addiction: Time-limited realities. Contemporary Family Therapy, 13, 387-404.
Shaffer, H. J. (1990). Addictive disease in the nineties: Lessons from the emperor. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 4(1), 57-64.
Shaffer, H. J., & Jones, S. B. (1989). Quitting cocaine: The struggle against impulse. Lexington, MA.: Lexington Books.
Shaffer, H. J., Stein, S., Gambino, B., & Cummings, T. N. (Eds.). (1989). Compulsive gambling: Theory, research & practice. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Shaffer, H. J., & Costikyan, N. S. (1988). Cocaine psychosis and AIDS: A contemporary diagnostic dilemma. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 5, 9-12.
Shaffer, H. J. (1987). The epistemology of "addictive disease": The Lincoln-Douglas debate. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 4(2), 103-113.
Shaffer, H. J. (1986). Assessment of addictive disorders: The use of clinical reflection and hypotheses testing. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 9(3), 385-398.
Shaffer, H. J. (1986). Conceptual crises and the addictions: A philosophy of science perspective. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 3, 285-296.
Shaffer, H. J., & Zinberg, N. E. (1985). The social psychology of intoxicant use: The natural history of social settings and social control. Bulletin of the Society of Psychologists in the Addictive Behaviors, 4, 49-55.
Shaffer, H. J., & Burglass, M. E. (Eds.). (1981). Classic contributions in the addictions. New York: Brunner/Mazel.